Ismail, S.A. and Engku Ali, E.M.T. 2026. تطوير الأوضاع الاقتصادية والمالية في عهد الخلفاء الراشدين: The Development of Economic and Financial Conditions during The Era of The Rightly Guided Caliphs. AL-HIKMAH: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC STUDIES AND HUMAN SCIENCES. 9, 2 (May 2026), 177–197.